Table of Contents
Introduction
Greenbacks, also known as Scaled Sardine or Kanna Mathi in Malayalam, are small, oily fish that are widely consumed in coastal regions around the world. These fish are prized for their rich flavor, high nutritional value, and versatility in cooking. Found in both tropical and subtropical waters, Greenbacks are a staple in many traditional and modern cuisines. This article explores the biology, culinary uses, nutritional profile, and market dynamics of Greenbacks.
Biology and Characteristics
- Type of Fish: Greenbacks are saltwater fish, commonly found in the Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean.
- Varieties: There are several species of sardines, but the most commonly referred to as Greenbacks or Scaled Sardines belong to the genus Harengula.
- Alternate Names: Greenbacks are also known as Scaled Sardine, Kanna Mathi (Malayalam), and Mathi (Tamil).
- Average Size: The average length of Greenbacks ranges from 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches).
- Average Weight: They typically weigh between 20 to 50 grams (0.7 to 1.8 oz).
- Color: The fish have a silvery body with a bluish-green back and shiny scales.
Catching Methods
Greenbacks are primarily caught using:
- Purse Seining: A common method in commercial fishing, where a large net is used to encircle schools of fish.
- Gillnetting: Used to catch fish in shallow waters.
- Cast Netting: A traditional method used by small-scale fishermen.
Storage and Shelf Life
- Fresh Greenbacks: When stored on ice or refrigerated, fresh Greenbacks have a shelf life of 1-2 days.
- Freezing Methods: To extend their shelf life, Greenbacks can be cleaned, gutted, and wrapped tightly in plastic or vacuum-sealed before freezing. Properly frozen, they can last up to 6 months.
- Shelf Life (Frozen): Up to 6 months at -18°C (0°F) or lower.
Nutritional Profile
Greenbacks are a nutrient-dense fish, offering the following per 100-gram serving:
- Calories: 200-250 kcal
- Protein: 20-25 grams
- Fat: 10-15 grams (including omega-3 fatty acids)
- Vitamins: Rich in Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, and niacin.
- Minerals: Good source of calcium, selenium, phosphorus, and magnesium.
Health Benefits
- Heart Health: The omega-3 fatty acids in Greenbacks help reduce inflammation and lower the risk of heart disease.
- Bone Health: High levels of calcium and Vitamin D contribute to strong bones and teeth.
- Brain Function: Vitamin B12 supports cognitive health and nerve function.
- Immune Support: Selenium acts as an antioxidant, boosting the immune system.
Flavor and Culinary Uses
- Flavor: Greenbacks have a rich, savory flavor with a slightly oily texture, characteristic of small, fatty fish.
- Color: The flesh is light pink to beige, turning opaque when cooked.
Cooking Methods:
- Frying: Popular in Asian cuisines, Greenbacks are often deep-fried or pan-fried with a crispy coating.
- Grilling: Greenbacks can be grilled whole, often marinated with spices and herbs.
- Curries: In Indian and Southeast Asian cooking, Greenbacks are used in spicy coconut-based curries.
- Baking: A healthier option, baked Greenbacks can be seasoned with lemon, garlic, and herbs.
- Pickling: Greenbacks are often pickled or cured, similar to traditional sardines.
Raw Consumption: Greenbacks are not commonly eaten raw in sushi or sashimi due to their strong flavor and oily texture, which are better suited for cooking.
Global Demand and Market Value
- Main Producers: Countries like India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand are major producers of Greenbacks.
- Exporters: Southeast Asian nations dominate the export market, supplying fresh and frozen Greenbacks to global markets.
- Importers: The United States, European Union, and Japan are significant importers of Greenbacks.
- Market Value: The price of Greenbacks varies depending on size, quality, and region, but it generally ranges from $2 to $6 per kilogram.
Popularity in Indian and Asian Cooking
In India, Greenbacks are a staple in coastal regions like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh. They are often used in:
- Kerala Fish Curry: A tangy and spicy dish made with coconut milk and tamarind.
- Fried Fish: A simple yet flavorful preparation enjoyed with rice and dal.
- Pickled Fish: Greenbacks are often pickled with spices and vinegar for a tangy, preserved dish.
In Southeast Asia, Greenbacks are used in dishes like:
- Indonesian Pepes Ikan: Greenbacks steamed in banana leaves with spices.
- Thai Pla Too Tod: Fried Greenbacks served with a spicy dipping sauce.
Western Dishes
In Western cuisine, Greenbacks are less common but still appreciated for their flavor. They are often:
- Grilled or Broiled: Served with lemon butter sauce or salsa.
- Fish Tacos: A popular dish in coastal regions of the United States.
- Canned Sardines: Greenbacks are sometimes canned and used in salads, sandwiches, and pasta dishes.
Conclusion
Greenbacks (Scaled Sardine / Kanna Mathi) are a versatile and nutritious fish with a rich flavor and oily texture. Their popularity in Indian and Asian cuisines, coupled with their growing demand in Western markets, makes them a valuable seafood commodity. While they are not typically consumed raw, their adaptability to various cooking methods ensures their place in global culinary traditions. Whether fried, grilled, or curried, Greenbacks continue to be a favorite among seafood lovers worldwide.
